Rudyard Kipling s The Jungle Book - 1375 Words

The author who wrote the beloved children’s story â€Å"The Jungle Book† is also an accused jingoist (Kipling, RudyardNobel Prize Winners). Rudyard Kipling was a European man born in Bombay India in 1865. Kipling was born during an age of British Imperialism in India (McNamara and Kipling, Rudyard Hutchinson Encyclopedia). He himself was rumored to be an imperialist for Britain. Throughout his lifetime Kipling lived in Britain, India, and the United States of America (Kipling, Rudyard World Authors). He used his many experiences from these areas to shape his writings. Kipling was also highly interested in the military affairs of Britain and managed to convince his son to join the military. In turn, this led Kipling and his wife to volunteer in the Red Cross during World War I (Kipling, Rudyard Nobel Prize Winners). Rudyard Kipling wrote works that were heavily influenced by different aspects such as Indian culture, British culture, and Imperialism, along with different military action throughout the mid to late 1800s and early 1900s. Rudyard Joesph Kipling was born to John and Alice Kipling in Bombay, India on December 30, 1865. His father, John, was the principal at the School of Art in Lahore, India. His uncle was an artist and his aunt at the time was a future British Prime Minister. In his early childhood, Kipling and his sister were raised by an Indian couple who spoke â€Å"kitchen Hindi†. At the age of six Kipling and his sister were sent back to Britain to pursueShow MoreRelatedAn Analysis Of Rudyard Kipling s The Jungle Books 1275 Words   |  6 Pagespaper, I compared the two different works of Rudyard Kipling with both the protagonists suffering from identity crisis by means of a close reading. In this study, I found out that both the novels have an autobiographical element of identity crisis. In the Jungle Books, Kipling confronts his young male audience with the reality of death and violence, in order to turn them into effici ent rulers. The law of jungle plays an important role in this. The law of jungle was meant to be practical, not moral. IRead MoreRudyard Kipling1394 Words   |  6 PagesThe Legendary Life of Rudyard Kipling Rudyard Kipling was one of the greatest writers of all time. He was a gifted writer and a huge celebrity, and has provided us with countless writings that will continue to be enjoyed by future generations. There are two perspectives when it comes to Kipling’s canonization; those that believe based solely on his writing abilities think he should be canonized, and those who saw him as an only an outspoken political figure do not. The questions surrounding hisRead MoreThe Jungle Book By George Orwell2731 Words   |  11 PagesJohnson The Fear Necessities Considered a true classic, the Jungle Book has always been a favorite story for children everywhere. The Jungle Book is a compilation of many stories, but the more common stories are the ones involving Mowgli, a village boy who falls into the hands of a wolf pack that raise him as their own in the Indian jungle. While writing the Jungle Book, there were many distractions that ran through Rudyard Kipling?s head, including the peak of British Imperialism. These distractionsRead MoreIdentity Crisis : A State Of Psychological Distress1321 Words   |  6 Pageswhich makes his sense of identity becomes insecure on physical and intellectual segregation from the main stream of life. It is accepted by the psychologists that the establishment of character is a standout amongst the most crucial parts of a human s life. A personality emergency is a period of investigation and concentrated dissection of diverse methods for taking a gander at oneself. People, particularly adolescents experie nce the development of personality emergency in which they have battle betweenRead MoreI Will Be Exploring The Short Film Surviving Sabu Which Was Written And Directed By Ian Iqbal Rashid In 19982740 Words   |  11 Pagesï » ¿Explore the presentation of Orientalist discourses in the short film Surviving Sabu. I will be exploring the short film Surviving Sabu which was written and directed by Ian Iqbal Rashid in 1998, with reference to the 1942 film The Jungle Book. My analysis will question the presentation of Indian and Muslim identities in both films. Surviving Sabu presents the relationship between two characters: a father and his son. The family have immigrated to England at some point in recent decades, althoughRead MoreThe Most Dangerous Game Essay815 Words   |  4 Pages Personal essay Throughout the past five years, I have indulged myself in a fascinating array of short stories. From stories such as â€Å"Rikki-Tikki-Tavi† by Rudyard Kipling to â€Å"Song of the Trees† by Mildred D. Taylor, to even ‘The Smallest Dragonboy’ by Anne McCaffrey, just to say a few. All these stories stood out to fascinate me in a variety different ways. They included thrilling adventures, saddening romances, murderRead MoreMasquerading Colonial Innocence in Rudyard Kiplings Kim2940 Words   |  12 PagesKim: Masquerading Colonial Innocence Introduction Rudyard Kipling was one of the most famous writers of his time, and his popular novel Kim, had first become published in 1901, has turned into one of his most infamous non-juvenile writing masterpieces. The novel happens during a time and place that is contemporary to the publication of the book; the location is set in India up under the reign of the British Empire. The main character is a boy of Irish descent who has been an orphan that has grownRead More 1900-1910 Essay1184 Words   |  5 PagesSigmund Freud wrote a book called The Interpretation of Dreams (Magill 14). This book documented Freud’s theory that dreams are meaningful and can be understood. Another great mind of that era was Albert Einstein. He came up with his theory of relativity in 1905(Magill 19). Great artists of the world were also creating some of their most brilliant work during this decade. Henri Matisse fought to find the artistic freedom he needed by creating the Fauvist movement in the early 1900’s(Pioch 2). FauvismRead More1.Briefly Describe Your Favorite Character From Literature,1859 Words   |  8 Pagessociological perspective. Be sure that you clearly define and identify the sociological perspective and the sociological imagination. Be careful not to give a detailed summary of the character – stick to the sociology! The New View about The Jungle Book of 2016 Scientists believe that every child is born as a blank sheet of paper, their development depends very much on the environment, especially on their parents. However, not every child is fortunate to grow up in the arms of the family. ProofRead MoreLiterary Tendency of Victorian Literature: Special Reference to Lord Alfred Tennyson and Robert Browning3101 Words   |  13 Pagesreached its height and covered about a quarter of the Earth. Industry and trade expanded rapidly, and railways and canals crisscrossed the country. Science and technology made great advances. The size of the middle class grew enormously. By the 1850s, more and more people were getting an education. In addition, the government introduced democratic reforms, such as the right to vote for an increasing number of people. Many important events took place during Victorias reign. Britain fought in the

Effect of the Police on the Prison Population Essays

Effect of the Police on the Prison Population Because of the increase in crime in America, the public has demanded an increase in the amount of protection received from police. This increase in police protection has increased the incarceration level by numerous amounts within the last ten years. The number of inmates incarcerated in America is a direct cause of the policing that is going on in the streets of American cities. The method of policing has a tremendous impact on the outcome of the situation, meaning the type of policing determines the amount of arrests mad and the amount of inmates incarcerated. The historical pattern of prison sentencing has always shown that the offenders almost always served a much shorter sentence than†¦show more content†¦Experiments done on the effectiveness of police during the 1970s showed that traditional methods of policing were not effective in decreasing the amount of crime on the streets. Until the early 1970s most states used the indeterminate sentencing method which allowed parole boards the authority to allow offenders to be released early. The idea of indeterminate sentencing came about in the mid-1800s and was preferred over determinate sentencing because determinate sentencing allowed no room for reform. Because of the dissatisfaction with indeterminate sentencing and the pressure for longer sentencing, there was a policy implemented in the 1980s which made it mandatory to have a guide for the minimum amount of time served as well as new sentencing guidelines. This method caused inmates to serve more time and because of this, there became a problem with overcrowding. To alleviate the overcrowding, inmates were then available to get sentence reduction because of good behavior and also with certain work programs they could be released early by the building up of earned time credit. In 1984 the first truth in sentencing laws were in acted. These laws required that prisoners serve a substantial portion of their sentence. To ensure that offenders served the majority of their sentence, the violent crime control and law enforcement act of 1994 were passed. This act allowed additionalShow MoreRelatedIncreased Population of Prisons Essay1606 Words   |  7 PagesOvercrowded prisons and improper punishment systems are enormous social issues for our government. The United States has seen steady growth in its prisons. A projected increment in seen due to â€Å"get-tough† policies that locks up offenders for longer sentences (Ohlemacher, 2007, para. 1). The correction system had been through various phases of transformation, and the government had been tough on crime; this approach had resulted in rising prison populations. There are many factors that cause overcrowdingRead MoreMichelle Alexander s The New Jim Crow Essay1123 Words   |  5 PagesStates. Although this statement is partially true, Alexander misses the fact that in recent years, other racial groups have been affected by the same unjust profiling done by authorities . Recently, overall police brutality and racial profiling has seen an increase in the United States population. Furthermore, unprovoked or inappropriate use of force by authorities has sparked conversation in America racial profiling and incarceration rates in the country. Due to this, claiming that Jim Crow laws orRead MorePolice Perceptions And Programs Like Crisis Intervention Teams1281 Words   |  6 PagesPolice officers usually are the first people to respond to mental health emergencies. This means that police officers have the most discretion when deciding what to do with mentally ill individuals who commit crimes. Mentally ill individuals are more likely to be arrested regardless of severeness or type of crime, then any other population. 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At least 36 per cent of the women and 25 per cent of men, who are Indigenous, were already sentenced to provincial and territorial custody in Canada. Nancy explains, from these scores, these statistics make up at least 4 per cent of the national population. She also explainsRead MoreProfit Over Youth : A Look Into The Business Of Prison950 Words   |  4 PagesProfit Over Youth: A Look into the Business of Prison. The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention established that in 2009 there were a total of 1,812,900 juvenile arrest. These arrest consisted of those who were arrested and never tried as adults, for the purpose of this paper the same definition of a juvenile will be used. It can be easily argued that the juvenile population is Americas most vulnerable, and this is the population that we are arresting at such high numbers. To understandRead MoreWe Can Not Deny Society s Progression Of Social Equality Essay1187 Words   |  5 PagesWe cannot deny society’s progression of social equality, however, it is imperative that we not only understand the inequalities that are presently riddled in our social framework, but also understand how inequalities effect people at both micro and macro levels and how they intersect. Acquiring some base knowledge of institutionalized inequalities is fundamental to any attempts in rectifying (or easing) social injustices. Using Patricia Hill Collins’ Intersectionality theory, along with Omi and Winants’Read MoreThe War On Drugs : American Foreign And Domestic Policy1676 Words   |  7 Pageshave been imprisoned, many have been unfairly treated by the criminal justice system, the rights of both legitimate suspects and average citizens have been violated and the quality of life of many millions more has been adversely affected. 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Bomb Threat and Explosion Investigation Free Essays

In addition, other law enforcement agencies may have specific information value. The Intelligence Service, Armed Forces of the Philippines (ISAFP), Police Intelligence Group (PIG) and National Intelligence Coordinating Agency (NICA) maintains files on individuals who make threats against political leaders. The Bureau of Customs (BOC) may provide information of imported goods; the Bureau of Immigration and Deportation (BID) can provide information on individuals entering or leaving the country; the Firearms and Explosive Division, Civil Security Group, Philippine National Police (FED, CSG, PNP) maintains records on firearms and explosives; the Bureau of Corrections (BUCOR) maintains records on fugitives; the Philippine Postal Corporation (PHILPOST) may assist in matters related to the mails; the National Anti-Kidnapping Task Force (NAKTAF) may, have files of information and intelligence because they have primary jurisdiction in kidnap-for-ransom cases. We will write a custom essay sample on Bomb Threat and Explosion Investigation or any similar topic only for you Order Now On the local level, the local police authorities frequently maintain individual photo or â€Å"mug† files, alias files, business indexes, modus operandi (MO) files, victimization records and crime patterns. In addition, court records, probation and parole files, and other municipal records such as utilities, may prove valuable. Records of businesses, such as the telephone, electric and water companies, may also be helpful. Surveillance and stakeouts are important components of kidnap-for-ransom investigations. These activities may require various forms of electronic surveillance, including wiretapping, eavesdropping, automobile locator systems, videotaping and photography. Such efforts may require assistance from other agencies. The investigator should be familiar, not only with the use of such equipment, but also with the laws surrounding their application. The investigator must know when a court order is necessary for the use of electronic surveillance. In no case should an investigator use extralegal means to secure information. CHAPTER 7 BOMB THREAT AND EXPLOSION INVESTIGATION INTRODUCTION The use of explosives, by certain criminals and criminal organizations, has increased since the mid – 1980’s. Statistics also show that homes, vehicles and businesses were the primary targets of bombings and, in eight out of ten incidents, the motive was vandalism and revenge. Bombs are often made out common household items regularly found in the kitchen, garage or under the sink. The pipe bomb, the easiest bomb to construct, is often packed with screws and nails which act as projectiles, similar to hand grenades. These are materials that the bomber relies on, in part, to help conceal their identity. Because they are usually home-made, they are limited in their design only by the imagination of the bomber. When searching for a bomb, the investigator should simply look for anything that appears unusual. The bomb technician decides what is and is not a bomb. The bombing crime scene must be linked to the bomber and, if found intact, the bombs themselves can sometimes reveal the identity of the bomber. Bombs can be constructed to look like almost anything and can be placed or delivered in a variety of ways. The chance of locating a bomb that looks like the stereotypical bomb is almost non-existent. INVESTIGATING THE BOMB THREAT Bomb threats are delivered in a variety of ways. Most are telephoned in to the target. Occasionally, these calls are made through a third party. Sometimes, a threat is communicated through in writing or via a recording. There are two (2) general explanations as to why the bombers communicate a bomb threat: 1. The caller has definite knowledge or believes that an explosive or incendiary bomb has been or will be placed, and that he or she wants to minimize personal injury or property damage. The caller may be the person who placed the device or someone else who has become aware of such information. 2. The caller wants to create an atmosphere of anxiety and panic that will, in turn, results in disruption of normal activities at the facility where the device is supposedly placed. Whatever the reason, there will certainly be a reaction to it. However, through proper planning, the wide variety of uncontrollable reactions can be minimized. The bomb threat caller is the best source of information about a bomb. When bomb threat is called in, the following steps should be implemented: 1. Keep the caller on the line as long as possible. 2. Ask him or her to repeat the message and record every word spoken by the person. 3. Ask the caller about the location of the bomb and the time of detonation of the device. 4. Inform the caller that the building is occupied and the detonation of a bomb could kill or injure innocent people. 5. Pay particular attention to background noise such as motor running, music playing or any other noise. This may give a clue as to the location of the caller. 6. Listen closely to he voice (male or female), voice quality (calm or excited), accent and speech impediments. 7. Interview the person who received the call for the preceding information. RESPONDING TO A BOMB THREAT In response to a bomb threat, the following reminders must be strictly observed by the first responders: 1. Refrain from broadcasting while at the location. Radio transmissions might trigger the explosive device. 2. Anyone involved in the search must not touch any suspected items. Under any circumstances, if a suspicious object is located, it should not be touched or disturbed. 3. Maintain a safe distance from the explosive device. 4. Call the Explosive Ordinance Disposal Team (EODT) to handle the explosive device. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS In a raid or search situation in which explosive devices are expected to be encountered, investigations should be accompanied by an explosives expert. This person can be used to inform other police officers of what type of device is at hand and how best to proceed safely with the raid. Other precautions include the following: 1. Only one officer at a time should approach the suspected booby trap. 2. When trip wires are located, both ends of the wire should be checked. 3. Wires that appear to be electric should not be cut. 4. No containers should be opened without thorough examination. ELEMENTS OF BOMB INCIDENT PLANNING To counter bomb incidents, a physical security plan and bomb incident plan should be made. The elements of these plans are as follows: 1. Control 1) Who will be in charge of the incident? 2) Where will the control center be located? 3) How will critical decisions be made? 4) Who will man the control center? 5) What primary and alternate communication system will be employed during the incident? 2. Initiation What procedures will be followed upon receipt of a bomb threat or notice that a device has been found? 3. Evacuation If evacuation is ordered, what procedure will be followed? 4. Search 1) What will be searched? 2) What search technique will be employed? 3) Who will search? 5. Damage Control 1) What damage control measures will be taken? ) Who will take the damage control measure? 6. Detonation 1) What procedure will be followed if a bomb detonates without warning? BOMB – SEARCHING TECHNIQUES A two-person search item is recommended when looking for bombs. When the search team enters the room, they should first move to various parts of the room and stand quietly, with their eyes closed, and listen for clockwork device. Often, a clockwork device can easily be detected without the use of specialized equipment. Even if no clockwork mechanism can be detected, the search team is now aware of the background noise level within the room itself. Background noise is always disturbing during a building search. If a ticking sound is heard but cannot be located, one might become unnerved. The ticking sound might come from an unbalanced air conditioner fan, several floors away, or from a dripping sink down the hall. Sound can transfer through air conditioning ducts, along water pipes and through walls. One of the more difficult buildings to search is one that has steam of hot water heat. This type of building will constantly thump, crack, chatter and tick because of the movement of the steam of hot water through the pipes and the expansion and contraction of the pipes. The room should be divided into two virtually equal parts. An imaginary line is then drawn between two objects in the room. The first searching height will usually cover items in the room up to hip height. The searchers then position themselves on opposite sides of the room and begin searching their way around the room, working toward each other. During the search, all items resting on the floor and positioned around or on the wall area are inspected. Although many minor variations are possible in searching a room, the following are the summary of the basic searching steps: 1. Divide the area and select a search height. 2. Start from the bottom and work yourself up. 3. Start back-to-back and work toward each other. 4. Go around the walls and proceed toward the center of the room. 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Prevent Computer Crime Essay Example For Students

Prevent Computer Crime Essay Computer Crime Billions of dollars in losses have already been discovered. Billions more have gone undetected. Trillions will be stolen, most without detection, by the emerging master criminal of the twenty-first centurythe computer crime offender. Worst of all, anyone who is computer literate can become a computer criminal. He or she is everyman, everywoman, or even everychild. The crime itself will often be virtual in naturesometimes recorded, more often notoccurring only on the Internet, with the only record being electronic impulses. Before discussing Internet crimes, we can expect to see in the years ahead, lets look at the good news: The most-dreaded types of offensescrimes such as murder, rape, assault, robbery, burglary, and vehicle theftwill be brought under control in the years ahead by a combination of technology and proactive community policing. Creation of the cashless society, for example, will eliminate most of the rewards for robbers and muggers, while computer-contro lled smart houses and cars will thwart burglars and auto thieves. Implanted bodily function monitors and chemical drips (such as sober-up drugs and synthesized hormones) will keep most of the sexually and physically violent offenders under control. But computer criminalsranging in age from preteen to senior citizenwill have ample opportunities to violate citizens rights for fun and profit, and stopping them will require much more effort. Currently, we have only primitive knowledge about these lawbreakers: Typically, they are seen only as nuisances or even admired as innovators or computer whizzes. But increasingly, the hacker is being replaced by the menacing crackeran individual or member of a group intent on using the Internet for illegal profit or terrorism. Access to the Internet has begun to expand geometrically, and technology is making the Internet even more friendly and affordable for millions of users. But foolproof protective systems can probably never be developed, althou gh some high-tech entrepreneurs are certainly trying. Even if a totally secure system could ever be developed, it would likely disrupt the free flow of informationan unacceptable intrusion to most users. In fact, it is the ease of access that is driving this rapidly expanding field of crime. What are the major computer crimes being committed, how, and by whom? More importantly, where is computer crime headed in the twenty-first century? Lets look at five crime categories: communications, government, business, stalking, and virtual crimes. COMMUNICATIONS CRIMES Already, cellular theft and phone fraud have become major crimes. Low-tech thieves in airports and bus terminals use binoculars to steal calling-card access numbers as unsuspecting callers punch in their phone codes. Other thieves park vans beside busy interstate highways and use equipment obtained from shopping mall electronics stores to steal cellular phone access codes from the air. Within moments of these thefts, internati onal calls are being made with the stolen numbers in what is becoming a multibillion-dollar-a-year criminal industry. Phone company employees, meanwhile, are also stealing and selling calling card numbers, resulting in more hundreds of millions of dollars in unauthorized calls. In 1994, an MCI engineer was charged with selling 60,000 calling card numbers for $3 to $5 each, resulting in more than $50 million in illegal long-distance charges. In another case, when a phone company tried to institute a call-forwarding program, crackers quickly defrauded the system of more money than the company stood to make in legal profits. In the future, the opportunities for hacking and cracking will escalate, with telephones, computers, faxes, and televisions interconnected to provide instantaneous audiovisual communication and transmission of materials among individuals. The wide appeal of new multimedia communication systems will likely create such a huge volume of subscribers that the price will plummet and make access by all possible. But if billions of dollars of losses are to thieves, compounded by billions more required to repair damages created by system terrorists, the cost might become prohibitive to all but the wealthy. COMPUTER CRIMES AGAINST THE GOVERNMENT In 1995, the U.S. Internal Revenue Service instituted stringent new regulations on electronic tax filing and returns. This move was to stop a rash of fraud that cost taxpayers millions in 1994: Returns that were processed quickly via this method turned out to be for tens of thousands of fictitious corporations and individuals. Similarly, in an attempt to stop food-stamp fraud, the government issued electronic debit cards to a trial population and plans to go nationwide with the system later in the decade. However, reports show that many recipients are selling their benefits for cash50 to 60 on a dollarto brokers who then receive full payment. Cyberpunks regularly break into government computer systems, usually out of curiosity and for the thrill of the challenge. They often intercept classified data and sometimes even interrupt and change systems. One U.S. Justice Department official reported that military computers are the most vulnerable, even less secure than university computers. This official noted that, during Operation Desert Storm, hackers were able to track both actual and planned troop movements. James V. Christy II, director of an Air Force unit of computer-crime investigators, set up a team of hackers to test the security of military computer systems. He reported that the hackers broke into Pentagon systems within 15 seconds and went on to break into over 200 Air Force systems with no one reporting or even recognizing the break-ins. Ironically, computer hackers often beat the system using the very technology intended to stop them. For example, federal law-enforcement agencies use an Escrowed Encryption Standard to protect classified information and a chip-specific key to decry pt the system. Experienced hackers can easily discover the key and use it to obtain passwords, gaining full access to encrypted systems. Newer, more-secure encryption systems for protecting government and international business transactions require storing the keys in escrow with a specific government agencyusually the U.S. Treasury Department. Hackers find this security solution unacceptable because it slows the free flow of information and puts almost all sensitive and important data in the hands of government officials. This is seen by many as being dangerous to individual freedoms and a major step in the direction of creating a class structure based on the information rich and information poor.. As more government data is stored in computers, protection will become both more vital and more difficult. When the livelihood of an individual depends on data in government computers, the temptation to adjust that record to increase benefits and reduce charges will be great. Many will t ry to do the adjusting themselves; others will be willing customers for a burgeoning black market of professional crackers. For those who have little need for government benefits but would like to eliminate their tax liability, a highly destructive method would be to plant a computer virus in government computers to destroy large numbers of records. In this way, suspicion would not fall on an individual. TARGETING BUSINESS Today, most banking is done by electronic impulse, surpassing checks and cash by a wide margin. In the near future, nearly all business transactions will be electronic. Thus, access to business computers equals access to money. Recently, computer hacker John Lee, a founder of the infamous Masters of Deception hacker group, discussed his 10-year career, which began when he was 12 years old and included a one-year prison term in his late teens. Without admitting to any wrongdoing, Lee said that he could commit a crime with five keystrokes on the computer. He could: (1) change credit records and bank balances; (2) get free limousines, airplane flights, hotel rooms, and meals without anyone being billed; (3) change utility and rent rates; (4) distribute computer software programs free to all on the Internet; and (5) easily obtain insider trading information. Though prison was no fun, Lee admitted that he would certainly be tempted to do it all again. In a groundbreaking study published in Criminal Justice Review in the spring of 1994, Jerome E. Jackson of the California State University at Fresno reported the results of a study of a new group of criminals he called fraud masters. These professional thieves obtain credit cards via fake applications, or by electronic theft, and pass them around among their peers internationally for profit. These young men and women want the good life after growing up in poverty. They are proud of their skills of deception and arrogant enough to feel they wont be caught. None of those in the five-year case study we re caught. As seen in the $50-million-plus losses in the MCI case, a far greater threat to businesses than hackers are disgruntled and financially struggling employees. As internal theft from retail stores has always been many times greater in volume than theft from shoplifters, robbers, and burglars, theft by employees armed with inside information and computer access is and will continue to be a much larger problem than intrusion by hackers, crackers, and terrorists combined. By the turn of the century, 80% of Americans will process information as a major part of their employment, according to a United Way study. In addition, the future portends new and brighter for-profit invasion of business computers. As one Justice Department official says, This technology in the hands of children today is technology that adults dont understand. The first generation of computer-literate citizens will reach adulthood shortly after the turn of the century and will surely open a new age in the an nals of crime and crime fighting. COMPUTER-STALKING One frightening type of computer criminal emerging rapidly is the cyberstalker. Possibly the most disturbing of these criminals is the pedophile that surfs computer bulletin boards, filled with bright young boys and girls, in search of victims. He develops a relationship and then seeks to meet the child in person to pursue his sexual intentions. Already recognized as a serious problem, cyberstalking has spawned the cybercop a police officer assigned to computer bulletin boards in search of these pedophiles. Once a suspect is spotted, the cybercop plays the role of a naive youngster and makes himself or herself available for a meeting with the suspect in hopes of gaining evidence for an arrest. Also on the network, in search of pedophiles, are computer pornography sellers who offer magazine-quality color photographs of young boys and girls in a variety of sexually suggestive or actual sexual acts. Such a ring was broken up in 1994 a nd was found to have clients in several countries, with the pictures themselves transmitted from Denmark. Another type of stalker expected to be seen more in the future is the emotionally disturbed loner, seeking attention and companionship through the Internet, and who often becomes obsessed with a bulletin board friend. If this person obtains personal information about the acquaintance, he or she sometimes seeks a close, often smothering relationship. If spurned, the stalker launches a campaign of harassment, moving into real-space harassment if adequate information is obtained. Vengeance can take many forms, from ruining credit records and charging multiple purchases to the victim to creating criminal records and sending letters to employers informing them of the shady background of the victim. In the twenty-first century, with access to the Internet available to all and information from data banks networked into dossiers reserved for official use only (but easily accessible to h ackers and crackers), stalking will not only increase but be facilitated by a new generation of portable computers. Organic nanocomputers may one day be implanted in the human brain, making possible a new crime: mindstalking. Unauthorized intrusion and seduction will reach directly into the victims brain, making the stalker harder to evade and even more difficult to escape. VIRTUAL CRIMES Stock and bond fraud is already appearing on the Internetstocks and bonds that appear on the markets, are actively traded for a short time, and then disappear. The stocks and bonds are nonexistent; only the electronic impulses are real. In a recent case, a trader was paid $9 million in commissions for what appeared to be some $100 million in sales of bonds. But investigators now feel that these bonds may never have changed hands at all, except over the Internet. In the future, a virtual-reality expert could create a hologram in the form of a respected stockbroker or real estate broker, then advise clients on the Internet to buy certain stocks, bonds, or real estate. Unsuspecting victims acting on the advice might later find that they had enlarged the coffers of the virtual-reality expert, while buying worthless or nonexistent properties. This is just the tip of the iceberg in what might be tagged as virtual crimeoffenses based on a reality that only exists over the computer. As virtual reality becomes increasingly sophisticated, it is the young adults in the first decade of the twenty-first century whohaving grown up with virtual realitywill create the software and determine the legal and criminal uses of this technology. And with virtual reality potentially reaching directly into the brains of recipients via organic computers, the ability to separate reality from the truth outside, will be one of the greatest challenges of the twenty-first century. TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY EXPECTATIONS The outlook for curtailing computer crime by technology or conventional law-enforcement method s is bleak. Most agencies do not have the personnel or the skills to cope with such offenses, and to date all high-tech approaches have been met by almost immediate turnabouts by hackers or crackers. As individuals see and talk to each other over computers in the next few years, and as nanotechnology makes computers even more portable, new technology will emerge to protect data. But simplifying systems to make them more universally acceptable and accessible will also make them more vulnerable to intruders. Control of access by optical patterns, DNA identification, voice spectrographs, encryption, and other methods may slow down hackers, but no method is foolproof or presents much of a challenge to todays most-talented hackers. The trouble is that in the future many more users will have skills far beyond those of todays crackersa process one expert termed the democratization of computer crime.. Still, there is much to be gained by easy access to the Internet. The cyberpunk imperative s, a code subscribed to many hackers, include: (1) information should be free so that the most capable can make the most of it; (2) the world will be better off if entrepreneurs can obtain any data necessary to provide needed or desired new products and services; and (3) decentralization of information protects us all from Big Brother.. Computer crime probably cannot be controlled by conventional methods. Technology is on the side of the offender and motivation is highits fun, exciting, challenging, and profitable. The only real help is one that has not proven very successful in recent decades: conscience and personal values, the belief that theft, deception, and invasion of privacy are simply unacceptable. Behavioral psychologists argue that all values are learned by a system of rewards and, to a lesser extent, punishment. Thus, if these values are necessary for survival, children should consciously be conditioned to live by them. If all citizensall computer userswere taught these values and sought to live by them, the Internet could become the wondrous and friendly place its creators have envisioned. Ironically, the greatest possible allies to be found in this search for values are the adolescent hackers of the 1980s, many of whom are the software programmers of the 1990s. In his book, Secrets of a Super-Hacker, a hacker named Knightmare says that true hackers love to break into systems and leave proof of their skills, but do not hurt individuals by stealing tangible goods or money, or destroying files or systems. Hacker ethics, Knightmare writes, include informing computer managers about problems with their security and offering to teach and share knowledge about computer security when asked. Increasingly, government and business computer managers are asking. Many of the Fortune 500 companies and numerous government agencies have hired hackers to test their systems and even design new security protocols for them. Thus, hackers are helping to protect the inf ormation superhighway from crackers and terrorists. As one hacker says, Hackers love computers and they want the Net safe. In conclusion, computer crime is major part of our technological society and should be dealt with similarly to real crimes. In the electronic world, it is harder to find the criminal and track him/her down. In the end, all advantages, such as using a computer, come with their disadvantages, computer crime in its worst form. Bibliography Works Cited Caryl, Christian. Reach out and rob someone. Russian V. Levin robs Citibank. U.S. News World Report April 1997: 58 Chidley, Joe. Cracking the Net. Macleans May 1995: 54-56. Gill, Mark Stuart. Cybercops take a byte out of computer crime. Smithsonian May 1997: 114-116. Roush, Wade. Hackers taking a byte out of computer crime. Technology Review April 1995: 32-40 Sussman, Vic S. Policing cyberspace. U.S. News World Report Jan 1995: 54-60 Witkin, Gordon. Wanted, in cyberspace. U.S. News World Report March 1994: 71 Word Count: 2719 None Provided2 Analysis Essay

Prevent Computer Crime Essay Example For Students

Prevent Computer Crime Essay Computer Crime Billions of dollars in losses have already been discovered. Billions more have gone undetected. Trillions will be stolen, most without detection, by the emerging master criminal of the twenty-first centurythe computer crime offender. Worst of all, anyone who is computer literate can become a computer criminal. He or she is everyman, everywoman, or even everychild. The crime itself will often be virtual in naturesometimes recorded, more often notoccurring only on the Internet, with the only record being electronic impulses. Before discussing Internet crimes, we can expect to see in the years ahead, lets look at the good news: The most-dreaded types of offensescrimes such as murder, rape, assault, robbery, burglary, and vehicle theftwill be brought under control in the years ahead by a combination of technology and proactive community policing. Creation of the cashless society, for example, will eliminate most of the rewards for robbers and muggers, while computer-contro lled smart houses and cars will thwart burglars and auto thieves. Implanted bodily function monitors and chemical drips (such as sober-up drugs and synthesized hormones) will keep most of the sexually and physically violent offenders under control. But computer criminalsranging in age from preteen to senior citizenwill have ample opportunities to violate citizens rights for fun and profit, and stopping them will require much more effort. Currently, we have only primitive knowledge about these lawbreakers: Typically, they are seen only as nuisances or even admired as innovators or computer whizzes. But increasingly, the hacker is being replaced by the menacing crackeran individual or member of a group intent on using the Internet for illegal profit or terrorism. Access to the Internet has begun to expand geometrically, and technology is making the Internet even more friendly and affordable for millions of users. But foolproof protective systems can probably never be developed, althou gh some high-tech entrepreneurs are certainly trying. Even if a totally secure system could ever be developed, it would likely disrupt the free flow of informationan unacceptable intrusion to most users. In fact, it is the ease of access that is driving this rapidly expanding field of crime. What are the major computer crimes being committed, how, and by whom? More importantly, where is computer crime headed in the twenty-first century? Lets look at five crime categories: communications, government, business, stalking, and virtual crimes. COMMUNICATIONS CRIMES Already, cellular theft and phone fraud have become major crimes. Low-tech thieves in airports and bus terminals use binoculars to steal calling-card access numbers as unsuspecting callers punch in their phone codes. Other thieves park vans beside busy interstate highways and use equipment obtained from shopping mall electronics stores to steal cellular phone access codes from the air. Within moments of these thefts, internati onal calls are being made with the stolen numbers in what is becoming a multibillion-dollar-a-year criminal industry. Phone company employees, meanwhile, are also stealing and selling calling card numbers, resulting in more hundreds of millions of dollars in unauthorized calls. In 1994, an MCI engineer was charged with selling 60,000 calling card numbers for $3 to $5 each, resulting in more than $50 million in illegal long-distance charges. In another case, when a phone company tried to institute a call-forwarding program, crackers quickly defrauded the system of more money than the company stood to make in legal profits. In the future, the opportunities for hacking and cracking will escalate, with telephones, computers, faxes, and televisions interconnected to provide instantaneous audiovisual communication and transmission of materials among individuals. The wide appeal of new multimedia communication systems will likely create such a huge volume of subscribers that the price will plummet and make access by all possible. But if billions of dollars of losses are to thieves, compounded by billions more required to repair damages created by system terrorists, the cost might become prohibitive to all but the wealthy. COMPUTER CRIMES AGAINST THE GOVERNMENT In 1995, the U.S. Internal Revenue Service instituted stringent new regulations on electronic tax filing and returns. This move was to stop a rash of fraud that cost taxpayers millions in 1994: Returns that were processed quickly via this method turned out to be for tens of thousands of fictitious corporations and individuals. Similarly, in an attempt to stop food-stamp fraud, the government issued electronic debit cards to a trial population and plans to go nationwide with the system later in the decade. However, reports show that many recipients are selling their benefits for cash50 to 60 on a dollarto brokers who then receive full payment. Cyberpunks regularly break into government computer systems, usually out of curiosity and for the thrill of the challenge. They often intercept classified data and sometimes even interrupt and change systems. One U.S. Justice Department official reported that military computers are the most vulnerable, even less secure than university computers. This official noted that, during Operation Desert Storm, hackers were able to track both actual and planned troop movements. James V. Christy II, director of an Air Force unit of computer-crime investigators, set up a team of hackers to test the security of military computer systems. He reported that the hackers broke into Pentagon systems within 15 seconds and went on to break into over 200 Air Force systems with no one reporting or even recognizing the break-ins. Ironically, computer hackers often beat the system using the very technology intended to stop them. For example, federal law-enforcement agencies use an Escrowed Encryption Standard to protect classified information and a chip-specific key to decry pt the system. Experienced hackers can easily discover the key and use it to obtain passwords, gaining full access to encrypted systems. Newer, more-secure encryption systems for protecting government and international business transactions require storing the keys in escrow with a specific government agencyusually the U.S. Treasury Department. Hackers find this security solution unacceptable because it slows the free flow of information and puts almost all sensitive and important data in the hands of government officials. This is seen by many as being dangerous to individual freedoms and a major step in the direction of creating a class structure based on the information rich and information poor.. As more government data is stored in computers, protection will become both more vital and more difficult. When the livelihood of an individual depends on data in government computers, the temptation to adjust that record to increase benefits and reduce charges will be great. Many will t ry to do the adjusting themselves; others will be willing customers for a burgeoning black market of professional crackers. For those who have little need for government benefits but would like to eliminate their tax liability, a highly destructive method would be to plant a computer virus in government computers to destroy large numbers of records. In this way, suspicion would not fall on an individual. TARGETING BUSINESS Today, most banking is done by electronic impulse, surpassing checks and cash by a wide margin. In the near future, nearly all business transactions will be electronic. Thus, access to business computers equals access to money. Recently, computer hacker John Lee, a founder of the infamous Masters of Deception hacker group, discussed his 10-year career, which began when he was 12 years old and included a one-year prison term in his late teens. Without admitting to any wrongdoing, Lee said that he could commit a crime with five keystrokes on the computer. He could: (1) change credit records and bank balances; (2) get free limousines, airplane flights, hotel rooms, and meals without anyone being billed; (3) change utility and rent rates; (4) distribute computer software programs free to all on the Internet; and (5) easily obtain insider trading information. Though prison was no fun, Lee admitted that he would certainly be tempted to do it all again. In a groundbreaking study published in Criminal Justice Review in the spring of 1994, Jerome E. Jackson of the California State University at Fresno reported the results of a study of a new group of criminals he called fraud masters. These professional thieves obtain credit cards via fake applications, or by electronic theft, and pass them around among their peers internationally for profit. These young men and women want the good life after growing up in poverty. They are proud of their skills of deception and arrogant enough to feel they wont be caught. None of those in the five-year case study we re caught. As seen in the $50-million-plus losses in the MCI case, a far greater threat to businesses than hackers are disgruntled and financially struggling employees. As internal theft from retail stores has always been many times greater in volume than theft from shoplifters, robbers, and burglars, theft by employees armed with inside information and computer access is and will continue to be a much larger problem than intrusion by hackers, crackers, and terrorists combined. By the turn of the century, 80% of Americans will process information as a major part of their employment, according to a United Way study. In addition, the future portends new and brighter for-profit invasion of business computers. As one Justice Department official says, This technology in the hands of children today is technology that adults dont understand. The first generation of computer-literate citizens will reach adulthood shortly after the turn of the century and will surely open a new age in the an nals of crime and crime fighting. COMPUTER-STALKING One frightening type of computer criminal emerging rapidly is the cyberstalker. Possibly the most disturbing of these criminals is the pedophile that surfs computer bulletin boards, filled with bright young boys and girls, in search of victims. He develops a relationship and then seeks to meet the child in person to pursue his sexual intentions. Already recognized as a serious problem, cyberstalking has spawned the cybercop a police officer assigned to computer bulletin boards in search of these pedophiles. Once a suspect is spotted, the cybercop plays the role of a naive youngster and makes himself or herself available for a meeting with the suspect in hopes of gaining evidence for an arrest. Also on the network, in search of pedophiles, are computer pornography sellers who offer magazine-quality color photographs of young boys and girls in a variety of sexually suggestive or actual sexual acts. Such a ring was broken up in 1994 a nd was found to have clients in several countries, with the pictures themselves transmitted from Denmark. Another type of stalker expected to be seen more in the future is the emotionally disturbed loner, seeking attention and companionship through the Internet, and who often becomes obsessed with a bulletin board friend. If this person obtains personal information about the acquaintance, he or she sometimes seeks a close, often smothering relationship. If spurned, the stalker launches a campaign of harassment, moving into real-space harassment if adequate information is obtained. Vengeance can take many forms, from ruining credit records and charging multiple purchases to the victim to creating criminal records and sending letters to employers informing them of the shady background of the victim. In the twenty-first century, with access to the Internet available to all and information from data banks networked into dossiers reserved for official use only (but easily accessible to h ackers and crackers), stalking will not only increase but be facilitated by a new generation of portable computers. Organic nanocomputers may one day be implanted in the human brain, making possible a new crime: mindstalking. Unauthorized intrusion and seduction will reach directly into the victims brain, making the stalker harder to evade and even more difficult to escape. VIRTUAL CRIMES Stock and bond fraud is already appearing on the Internetstocks and bonds that appear on the markets, are actively traded for a short time, and then disappear. The stocks and bonds are nonexistent; only the electronic impulses are real. In a recent case, a trader was paid $9 million in commissions for what appeared to be some $100 million in sales of bonds. But investigators now feel that these bonds may never have changed hands at all, except over the Internet. In the future, a virtual-reality expert could create a hologram in the form of a respected stockbroker or real estate broker, then advise clients on the Internet to buy certain stocks, bonds, or real estate. Unsuspecting victims acting on the advice might later find that they had enlarged the coffers of the virtual-reality expert, while buying worthless or nonexistent properties. This is just the tip of the iceberg in what might be tagged as virtual crimeoffenses based on a reality that only exists over the computer. As virtual reality becomes increasingly sophisticated, it is the young adults in the first decade of the twenty-first century whohaving grown up with virtual realitywill create the software and determine the legal and criminal uses of this technology. And with virtual reality potentially reaching directly into the brains of recipients via organic computers, the ability to separate reality from the truth outside, will be one of the greatest challenges of the twenty-first century. TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY EXPECTATIONS The outlook for curtailing computer crime by technology or conventional law-enforcement method s is bleak. Most agencies do not have the personnel or the skills to cope with such offenses, and to date all high-tech approaches have been met by almost immediate turnabouts by hackers or crackers. As individuals see and talk to each other over computers in the next few years, and as nanotechnology makes computers even more portable, new technology will emerge to protect data. But simplifying systems to make them more universally acceptable and accessible will also make them more vulnerable to intruders. Control of access by optical patterns, DNA identification, voice spectrographs, encryption, and other methods may slow down hackers, but no method is foolproof or presents much of a challenge to todays most-talented hackers. The trouble is that in the future many more users will have skills far beyond those of todays crackersa process one expert termed the democratization of computer crime.. Still, there is much to be gained by easy access to the Internet. The cyberpunk imperative s, a code subscribed to many hackers, include: (1) information should be free so that the most capable can make the most of it; (2) the world will be better off if entrepreneurs can obtain any data necessary to provide needed or desired new products and services; and (3) decentralization of information protects us all from Big Brother.. Computer crime probably cannot be controlled by conventional methods. Technology is on the side of the offender and motivation is highits fun, exciting, challenging, and profitable. The only real help is one that has not proven very successful in recent decades: conscience and personal values, the belief that theft, deception, and invasion of privacy are simply unacceptable. Behavioral psychologists argue that all values are learned by a system of rewards and, to a lesser extent, punishment. Thus, if these values are necessary for survival, children should consciously be conditioned to live by them. If all citizensall computer userswere taught these values and sought to live by them, the Internet could become the wondrous and friendly place its creators have envisioned. Ironically, the greatest possible allies to be found in this search for values are the adolescent hackers of the 1980s, many of whom are the software programmers of the 1990s. In his book, Secrets of a Super-Hacker, a hacker named Knightmare says that true hackers love to break into systems and leave proof of their skills, but do not hurt individuals by stealing tangible goods or money, or destroying files or systems. Hacker ethics, Knightmare writes, include informing computer managers about problems with their security and offering to teach and share knowledge about computer security when asked. Increasingly, government and business computer managers are asking. Many of the Fortune 500 companies and numerous government agencies have hired hackers to test their systems and even design new security protocols for them. Thus, hackers are helping to protect the inf ormation superhighway from crackers and terrorists. As one hacker says, Hackers love computers and they want the Net safe. In conclusion, computer crime is major part of our technological society and should be dealt with similarly to real crimes. In the electronic world, it is harder to find the criminal and track him/her down. In the end, all advantages, such as using a computer, come with their disadvantages, computer crime in its worst form. Bibliography Works Cited Caryl, Christian. Reach out and rob someone. Russian V. Levin robs Citibank. U.S. News World Report April 1997: 58 Chidley, Joe. Cracking the Net. Macleans May 1995: 54-56. Gill, Mark Stuart. Cybercops take a byte out of computer crime. Smithsonian May 1997: 114-116. Roush, Wade. Hackers taking a byte out of computer crime. Technology Review April 1995: 32-40 Sussman, Vic S. Policing cyberspace. U.S. News World Report Jan 1995: 54-60 Witkin, Gordon. Wanted, in cyberspace. U.S. News World Report March 1994: 71 Word Count: 2719 None Provided2 Analysis Essay

Wriston Manufacturing Corporation Essay Example For Students

Wriston Manufacturing Corporation Essay Wriston’s Detroit plant is no longer a viable operation due to long-term capital underinvestment and product-process mismatch. It is recommended that the plant be phased out of operations over a five-year period with production and staff gradually shifted to a new plant to be built in the Detroit area. Further, it is also recommended that division accounting procedures and evaluation mechanisms be modified to allocate revenues/costs allowing for the synergistic benefits of Detroit’s products, and to recognize inherent manufacturing complexities, respectively. Issues Detroit’s production is unique when compared to other Wriston plants. Runs are typically lowvolume, involve significant set-up time, and vary significantly due to the sheer volume of different products lines, families and models. It is notable that the Detroit plant is the only plant manufacturing all three product lines: brakes, off-highway and on-highway axles; all other plants produce only a single product line. As seen by its area in Figure 1, manufacturing in Detroit is significantly more complex than other plant. We will write a custom essay on Wriston Manufacturing Corporation specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Also notable in this figure are Detroit’s low return and relatively low sales figures. Capital investment has lagged in Detroit and the equipment is out-dated and inefficient. The general work environment is poor, with leaking pipes and old fixtures. Built in an ad-hoc manner, the layout of the Detroit plant is piecemeal; production typically requires complex flows 1 through dedicated machining areas scattered about various buildings. Both the environment, and other factors seem to contribute to a poorly motivated workforce. Analysis If used prescriptively, Figure 1 would suggest Detroit and its products be divested, though Wriston’s study group report suggests some products may be profitable if transferred to alternate plants. Shown in Table 2 though, the burden rate for each of these potentially ‘profitable’ groups is well above normal, apparently reflecting the complexity and variability inherent in Detroit’s assigned products. Variability, coupled with low volume, suggests the need for a flexible manufacturing system (FMS); the Detroit shop is instead closer to a flow shop configuration. This represents a productprocess mismatch. As the majority of the division’s plants are also flow shops, it seems at best uncertain whether any of Detroit’s products could be better-produced at other plants; any product transfers would almost certainly inflate the receiving plant’s burden rates. The possible exception to this is the Fremont plant which has some experience and technology dealing with lower volume runs and product variety. Unfortunately, they are close to capacity. The true value of Detroit’s products (to the division) must also be considered. Each plant is currently accounted for on a standalone basis, but Detroit’s many low-volume products are in large part supplementary (e. g. replacement parts) to other plant’s high-volume products. While these products are necessary to enable high-volume product sales, they are not necessarily sufficiently profitable to justify their standalone existence. So too, Wriston’s commitment to provide replacement parts seems indicative of the market’s valuation of such and their needed production, even if not directly profitable. Then internal performance measures and accounting systems should allocate a portion of other plant product revenues to Detroit in recognition of their synergistic contributions to those products sale. Aside from the depressing plant state, the demoralized workforce at Detroit can be explained by their long-term underperformer attribution. This negative feedback, coupled with a lack of situational control (inefficiencies relate to process primarily) destroys their intrinsic motivation. So too, the commitment of workers to a single machine minimizes flexibility and skill variations, both otherwise motivating factors. Local workforce expectations are diminished when successful products are transferred away to other plants. The rewards for Detroit’s efforts are usurped by the receiving plants. Alternatives and recommendations Four alternatives have been considered for Detroit; a summary of the key characteristics for each is provided in Table 1. The fourth option presented involves creation of a new plant, but varies from the third option in that production would gradually rather than immediately shift from the current plant. Based upon the analysis provided above, any new plant should be built around flexible manufacturing processes. .u78b9e364672b5f9c2fad7bbaf16860df , .u78b9e364672b5f9c2fad7bbaf16860df .postImageUrl , .u78b9e364672b5f9c2fad7bbaf16860df .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u78b9e364672b5f9c2fad7bbaf16860df , .u78b9e364672b5f9c2fad7bbaf16860df:hover , .u78b9e364672b5f9c2fad7bbaf16860df:visited , .u78b9e364672b5f9c2fad7bbaf16860df:active { border:0!important; } .u78b9e364672b5f9c2fad7bbaf16860df .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u78b9e364672b5f9c2fad7bbaf16860df { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u78b9e364672b5f9c2fad7bbaf16860df:active , .u78b9e364672b5f9c2fad7bbaf16860df:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u78b9e364672b5f9c2fad7bbaf16860df .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u78b9e364672b5f9c2fad7bbaf16860df .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u78b9e364672b5f9c2fad7bbaf16860df .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u78b9e364672b5f9c2fad7bbaf16860df .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u78b9e364672b5f9c2fad7bbaf16860df:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u78b9e364672b5f9c2fad7bbaf16860df .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u78b9e364672b5f9c2fad7bbaf16860df .u78b9e364672b5f9c2fad7bbaf16860df-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u78b9e364672b5f9c2fad7bbaf16860df:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Crime And Punishment EssayThis represents a radical departure from current processes and older members of the workforce may be challenged to adapt; retraining will likely be unpopular and ineffective for these workers. While running two plants in parallel certainly incurs some overhead, it would allow the older workforce to continue the successful manufacture of some Detroit products while naturally retiring from the organization over a five-year period, and younger workers to learn FMS processes and takeover products in a controlled, timely manner. 3 The net present value (NPV) of each option has been calculated and included in Table 1, based on figures from the study group report. Unfortunately, these figures are flawed in the same manner as Wriston’s current performance and accounting mechanisms in that they don’t properly allocate revenue, nor do they recognize inherent manufacturing complexities. The plant closure option’s expected operational gain seems particularly suspect. A better valuation of the new plant options is perhaps given by assuming an FMS-based Detroit plant could achieve burden rates similar to its nearest (process) counterpart, Fremont. With proper processes and accounting in place, it is reasonable to conceivable they could match Fremont’s burden rate of 3. 65, which, as seen in Table 2, would result in a $6. 37M annual savings and a projected ROA of 20%; the NPV of the new plant and phased-in offerings would then be $31. 5M and $30M respectively. Then, plant closure option is to be rejected due to potential lost synergies and expected productivity losses. Re-tooling fails to address the underlying issues at Detroit and should only be considered if capital constraints preclude either new plant option. It is recommended that a new plant be opened. While NPV calculations would seem to favour option three, they effectively ignore transitional costs. Given phased transition to a new plant is likely to provide productivity benefits in excess of the $1. 5M NPV differential, it is recommended that planning for the new plant at least carefully consider this option. Word count: 1000 4 Appendix (discussion with 692, 351) Table 1 Detroit plant alternative assessment matrix Factor Financial implications Marketing, sales and service Social responsibility Operational efficiencies Option 1: close the plant, transfer (some) production Net $2M one-time loss on closing costs/gains. Between $4. 9-5. 6M increase in annual cashflow (see table 2) Insignificant direct sales loss; potential significant market disaffection due to lost product support/service Ethical obligation to workers; negative community and press response Transferred products require job shop efficiency – destination plants are primarily high-volume flow shop configurations Option 2: Re-tool plant (5-10 year bridge) Additional $2M per year loss from tools maintenance, upgrading; on-going performance drag on company Maintain sales and full product line, including support products Defer issues of closure and separation – many older workers will be retiring within 10 yrs Maintenance investments do not address underlying productprocess mismatch; no expected improvement Option 3: Build new plant Capital intensive – need to consider Wriston cash/profit position; projected negative NPV Flexible manufacturing will allow more cost effective support of current and future low-volume service products Difficult to successfully transition older workers to new processes; likely requires buyout Introduction of flexible manufacturing should significantly improve performance; symbolism of new plant re-focuses and vitalises workforce Option 4: Phased transition to new plant As per option 3; delayed sale of old plant decreases NPV As per option 3 Older workers can be retired out of old plant as younger workers are retrained in new plant As per option 3, with less disruption/lost productivity during transition Figure 1 (modified) BCG performance matrix for Wriston HED Saginaw (10) Fremont (10) Table 2 Key financial figures and projections for Wriston Detroit plant Burden by Detroit sub-group Group Group Group 1 2 3 Total 592 516 1630 2738 1260 2. 13 3829 5089 8. 60 2. 3 2. 7 1102 2. 14 3470 2. 13 5832 2. 13 10527 16359 5. 97 4. 9 5. 6 Projections Return on assets (attractiveness) Leba non (2) Tiffin (6) ? Essex (4) Star Sandus ky (5) Mays ville (2) Detroit (20) Lima (4) Notes: 1. .u5eefb22127641afbaf6ac34c335749fd , .u5eefb22127641afbaf6ac34c335749fd .postImageUrl , .u5eefb22127641afbaf6ac34c335749fd .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5eefb22127641afbaf6ac34c335749fd , .u5eefb22127641afbaf6ac34c335749fd:hover , .u5eefb22127641afbaf6ac34c335749fd:visited , .u5eefb22127641afbaf6ac34c335749fd:active { border:0!important; } .u5eefb22127641afbaf6ac34c335749fd .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5eefb22127641afbaf6ac34c335749fd { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5eefb22127641afbaf6ac34c335749fd:active , .u5eefb22127641afbaf6ac34c335749fd:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5eefb22127641afbaf6ac34c335749fd .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5eefb22127641afbaf6ac34c335749fd .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5eefb22127641afbaf6ac34c335749fd .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5eefb22127641afbaf6ac34c335749fd .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5eefb22127641afbaf6ac34c335749fd:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5eefb22127641afbaf6ac34c335749fd .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5eefb22127641afbaf6ac34c335749fd .u5eefb22127641afbaf6ac34c335749fd-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5eefb22127641afbaf6ac34c335749fd:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Allusions In Invisible Man EssayArea for each plant indicates the complexity of operations, where complexity is primarily driven by the number of product families and models. High 2. Market growth and share figures, standard axis for Low High Relative sales within HED (competitiveness) BCG matrices, were not available and have thus been replaced with ROA and relative sales respectively. Low Direct labour Variable mfg. overhead Variable burden rate Fixed mfg. overhead Total mfg. overhead Total burden rate Minimum gain ($M) Maximum gain ($M) Dog Cash cow 2582 4116 3684 7586 7. 14 4. 65 Returns 0. 7 1. 9 1 Potential O/H based on Fremont 9994 3. 65 ROA 20% Savings 6365 5

Russia Under Stalin essays

Russia Under Stalin essays When Lenin's reign over the Soviet Empire ended in 1924, the future course of Communist policies and dominance of the party were cast into uncertainty. This insecurity in the Soviet nation was even further intensified by the rocky period of transition and the shaky events surrounding the succession of power. However, by 1928 Joseph Stalin managed to emerge as the new leader of the Soviets. With this new leader the course of Communist economic policies were also renewed along with the goals of the party. In the following years, the effects of these policies served to have a profound impact not only upon the Russian peoples, but the entire Soviet Republic as well. In 1928, the Communist Party approved the first of Stalin's proposed Five-Year Plans. The two major policies specified in this plan were extremely demanding and many argued that most of the set goals were unattainable. Firstly, Stalin called for the collectivisation of all farmlands in the nation, thus transferring the control of all private farming into the hands of the Soviet Government. Secondly, Stalin called for the beginnings of major industrial development, especially in the areas of heavy industry. He further emphasized his call for massive industrialization when he spoke to his industrial managers in 1932, "We are 100 years behind the advanced countries. We must make good this lag in ten years. Either we do it, or they crush us!" In his efforts to attain equality with the "advanced countries" Stalin placed the management of these two programs in the hands of the Soviet economic planning committee or GOSPLAN. GOSPLAN's primary function was to set the annual quotas for the grain harvests and the production goals for the various industries. These figures were then reported to Stalin who would in turn propose new policies and goals for the upcoming year. In 1929, Stalin launched his campaign to "liquidate the kulaks ...

Financial performance of Intercontinental Hotels Group Plc 2009-2010 Essay

Financial performance of Intercontinental Hotels Group Plc 2009-2010 - Essay Example This can be attributed to the reduction in the cost of goods sold for the organization from 2009 to 2010. Profit margin of a company can be defined as the ratio of net profit to net sales. The margin for IHG was 18% in the year 2010. The same margin in 2009 was 13.91%. There is a considerable increase in the profit margin of the hotel. This can be attributed to the lowering of costs from 2009 to 2010. The net profit that we have considered here is including the exceptional items. If we exclude the exceptional items, we find that the ratio has decreased from 19.12% in 2009 to 17.44% in 2010. This is because the existence of high net profit margin excluding exceptional items in 2009 as compared to 2010. The value of this ratio for year 2009 and 2010 is 7.40% and 10.55% respectively. We see that there is a slight increase in the net profit from year 2009 to 2010. At the same time, total assets have come down. Therefore, there is a slight increment in the return on assets. While return on assets measure the amount of net income generated for each unit of assets, return on investment measures the amount of income generated from each unit of owners’ equity. Return on equity can be calculated by dividing the net profit by total equity. The return on equity for IHG has decreased from 2009 (137.18%) to 2010 (100.69%). This is because there is a significant increment in the total equity of the organization. The margin has increased considerably from 2009 (-0.65%) to 2010 (28.19%). In 2009, the company had high cost of goods sold and high impairment costs that resulted in the lowering of the operating profit. Hence the company had a negative operative margin in the year 2009. The high costs can be attributed to the global economic slowdown. This ratio is an indication of the financial leverage of a company. While total liabilities represented 17.54% of the total equity in 2009, it was only 8.54% of the total equity in the

HR practices Business Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

HR practices Business - Article Example According to the author evaluating the human resources practices of a firm can help you find way to better employ the talent a firm has (Durkin, 2011). A technique or tool that was mentioned in the article that can help managers evaluate their human resources practice is HR audits. The use of an HR audit can give a manager assurance that the human resources practices of the company meet the current legal standards and uphold the internal policies of the company. It can be beneficial for professionals in the HR industry to belong to professional organizations. An organization that has a lot credibility and power in the industry is the Society for Human Resource Management. The organization’s website has a HR audit tool kit that can be used to perform a preliminary audit of the HR function of a firm. The HR function of a company does not replace the necessity for a legal department. Companies can save money on legal expenses by having a lawyer firm on retainer rather than pay a fixed monthly payment to the lawyers of a department. The implementation of an HR audit can help the firm identify potential legal risks associated with its handling of human resources. The strategy is a proactive approach towards risk management. A problem that is occurring often in corporate America is a lack of knowledge about HR regulations and laws. A lot of companies in the United States are breaking labor laws unknowingly. The fact that many companies do not know the laws does not exempt them from compliance. â€Å"One fundamental human resource function you should inspect is the gathering and filing of employee information, from the application to the termination of employment, and all documentation in between† (Durkin, 2011). A common problem in regards to this type of documentation is proper safeguarding of the information. It all starts with the simple things such as having an employee filing cabinet with a key. The human resource department should separate the per sonal information of employees in various categories. There is sensitive information such as social security number, age, medical record or disability data that should not be in the normal employee file that the managers have access too. Access to such data can lead potential discrimination from the managers towards a specific employee. Companies also have to comply with the Family Leave Act. Employee record retention requirements vary by state law with some common federal laws. Confidential information must be protected to protect both the employer and the employees. The Equal Pay Act of 1963 stipulates companies must keep payroll records up to three years. A topic in human resource that was often discussed in class that I believe should have been talk about more in the article is training and development. The author mentioned that it was important for companies to invest in its human resources, but he did not provide solutions to solve the problem. The performance of employees in a corporation can be improved through training and development. The proper use of training and development can improve the employee retention rate of the company. Investing in training and development should be a company wide initiative, but the firm must also identify talent that deserves advance training because the company determined that the employee has potential. The managers of corporations should receive more training than any other employee since they are responsible for the performance of

The Omnivore's Dilemma Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Omnivore's Dilemma - Essay Example Subjects such as cattle industry, the capon industry, the hidden costs of industrial farming, local versus industrial organic farming, fast-food, the ethics of eating animals, the meaning of food in our lives are analyzed aptly. The basic question clarified by Pollan is ‘what type of food should be laid on the table?’ The meaning of food in our lives is discussed in relation with ideas from the Pollan’s ‘The Omnivore’s Dilemma’. Aspect, Origin and Significance of Food Human beings are scientifically classified as omnivores, hence are capable of consuming both flesh and plants. The fact still stands that not all foods are nutritious and edible; thus man tends to be choosy on what to love and hate. Pollan has remarkably assisted his readers on what to consider when selecting food. He states that innumerable individuals eat what their culture perceives as healthy food; therefore, are restricted to try other types of food (Murcot, 203). â€Å"The lack of a steadying culture of food leaves us especially vulnerable to the blandishments of the food scientist and the marketer†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Pollan, 5) In his quest, Pollan explores to find differences amid solar-powered food and fossil fuel-powered food. Feedlot is examined by Pollan and finds out that it has made more problems than solutions in producing substantial food. He does this through finding disparities amid economic logic and evolutionary logic; and systems that manufacture food without problems and those with problems. Anxiety is stirred up when a person has to choose on the type of food to eat. Pollan states this statement strongly believing how the process is remarkably difficult. Majority of the Americans struggle to get thin whilst they get fat as time elapses. The Omnivore’s Dilemma illustrates how American citizens are dysfunctional eaters, and fail to make precise choices in selecting appropriate food for consumption. Consequently, Pollan tries to find a solution to this problem by beginning to analyze the raw foods grown in the soil and ends with cooked and refined meal. Pollan also approaches this journey of emphasizing on the implication of food to omnivores by examining corn. He does his research in supermarkets by analyzing the type of foods grown in the area. He explains the origin of corn and the use of chemical fertilizers (Pollan, 15). Corns are the center of the innumerable foods put up for sale in supermarkets. The Omnivore’s Dilemma states that ingredients of industrial foods contains corn, which is broken down to simple molecules and matter that are combined with other substances to come up with a done produce. The populace and the community should watch on the pervasive diseases such as ‘obesity’, ‘diabetes’ and ‘heart disease’ that are majorly caused by too much of industrial foods. It has been established that corn and oil is the heart of the food industry. Examples of f oods that are extracted form oil and corns are burgers, fries that are exceptionally admired in American food shops center and fast food hotels (Pollan, 109). Corn makes up more in than a quarter of the types of foods sold in supermarkets. In his research, he visited the Chicken Mc Nuggets and found out that corn makes up 13 of the 38 constituent. This proves how essential corn is in the production of foods in industries. The food chain that he presents initiates form the corn. The human society is now facing difficult food choices

Effects of Excessive Petroleum Use

Effects of Excessive Petroleum Use Researches shown that in 2014, the world’s oil consumptions would reach 90, 78 million barrels per day. This indicates the importance of the oil in every country, both developing and developed countries. But in the same research, the supply of oil in one day in the world’s only estimated about 89, 74 million barrels per day, which means the supply will soon can’t afford the usage of oil in the world. This lack of supply can easily cause the exhaustion of petroleum and then it may lead to the power crisis. Petroleum supply exhaustion is one of the biggest problems in every country in the world, governments and scientists are trying to find ways to solve this issue. Amongst some effort that have been done to solve the supply exhaustion problem, this essay will argue about the degradation of the oil’s quality in some area and improve the quality is one of the best way to put an end to the hardness. Litten by oil was shown to have been used in the ancient Chinese. In the 8th century, the oil production had appeared in Iraq where people use pitches, a waste of petroleum to cover the streets. The first oil drilling was said to be around Baku, Azerbaijan. But it was not until the beginning of the 19th century that oil exploitation was strongly developed. At that time, the main fuel was the spermaceti but it was too expensive, none can afford it except the rich people. Although the price was very high but it had a very bad smell so that people want to find a replacement. In the middle of the 19th century, scientists found many ways to exploit the crude oil efficiently. The first modern drilling was in 1859 in Pennsylvania and it put a start to our current petroleum industry. As the crude oil is becoming one of the most important thing for our lives, it is being overexploited that lead to the supply exhaustion, one of the biggest and the most significant problem in petroleum industry. Over two centuries, trillion of oil barrels have been exploited, this number is not decrease but it increase significantly in the last two centuries and it’s becoming more and more. In some researches, scientists have pointed out that people used 30 billion barrels of oil per year; this horrible number shows that people are using too much oil but the supply and the reserves do not enough for us to use. According to the chart posted by Michael Morrison, the world supply and demand change repidly from 2008 to the first quarter of 2012, in 2008 and 2009, the demand and supply are very similar, but from the first quarter of 2010 to the first quarter of 2012, the demand always higher than the supply, even in some times, the differences reach 3 million barrels per day. With those evidences, the exhaustion of petroleum is becoming more and more serious. It is said that the lack of petroleum supplement is becoming more and more severe, and the causes of this problem is observable. Supply exhaustion come from both subjective and objective reasons. One of the reason why the petroleum supplies deficiency than the need is the usage of everybody in the world. As we have known, oil is used in most aspect of our life. People use petroleum or at least its waste to process it into products such as all leather foot, aspirin, waxen, chewing gums, and the most important apply of oil is fuel and gas; two of the most important power resources in the world. Since oil has become so important and the products which made of oil are becoming more useful, its high usage is understandable. We all know that it is easier to use than make, so that the supply always have to follow the need. The next main reason is about the use of the low quality crude oil. Low quality oil contains a great amount of sulfur, a toxic. According to Greg Karras, low quality oil can increase the greenhouse gas emission by as much as 17 %-40 %( Environ. Sci. Technol, 2010, 44). Some statistics have shown that Middle East is the region which has the most oil reserves in the world, but in some others statistics; the Middle East’s oil has the worst quality (G. Houlton, 2010). Most of the imported oil in the world comes from Middle East, which means we are using the low quality oil; this can cause significantly bad effects to our health and our environment. This can cause severe damage to the supplement of oil. Petroleum industry is not the only one that suffers from this, industries, people, social and even some governments also have trouble with this hardness. The aspect which will be affected the most serious is the economics. The most adverse effect is price of petroleum will have to be increased. If the price of petroleum is increased, since some industries have to use the products of petroleum as its materials, those industries will be in difficulty and with the higher and higher prices of crude oil, the producer’s prices raised significantly. It is followed by every other product must increase their price which lead to the restructuring of the economics and damage directly to the life of the social groups, products excess and even economics crisis ( Kiseok Lee, Shawn Ni, 2002). Plus, the countries those who focus on export petroleum such as Russia, Arabia, UAE, etc†¦ will be suffered from the raise of the price of petroleum for some countries can’t afford it. Furthermore, some countries have the intensifying unemployment rates and the taxes collected from citizens are lower because of the low employment and with the raise of the petroleum, those countries now have to face a very pernicious problem. To sum up, the lack of supply of petroleum has many causes. Although the impact of this problem at the present is not so serious and some solutions have been given out. However, people have to overcome this soon to prevent the problem from being severely. In the case of the lack of supply, people have to take action to control this problem, not only during the event but also after it. These are the most fundamental solutions. First, the government should control the usage of petroleum in each country. There are four main ways I want to suggest to reduce the usage of petroleum. Petroleum is known to have been the most used fuel in the world and most of the products of petroleum are used to make fuel. In the event of the number of the vehicles are rising, the world need more and more fuel to run those vehicles, which lead to the explosion of the oil demand. In order to solve this, the scientists have found some replacements for the petroleum such as biofuel, power source from sticks; carrots; †¦ (R.J.Kopp, 2006). Apply those replacements in the real life will surely ease the pressure on the petroleum supplement. The next way to reduce the usage of petroleum in life is the change in people’s using habits. People have used some organic, green products instead of products made from oil. Avoid using personal vehicles to travel from place to place and replace it by cycle or public transport, using packaged without plastic products; recycle and re-use bottles, etc†¦ (J. Lucie, 2010). Plus, some industries which use petroleum as its raw materials should decrease the usage of petroleum and manipulate some others resources as the main raw materials (NASEO). It will followed by the lowered of the demand. In addition, to reduce the use of petroleum in the world, scientists should find alternatives to petroleum products. There are many sources that can replace the petroleum and petroleum-based products like electric, natural gas, hybrid gas, bio-diesel; a little known replacement to diesel fuel which is made out of used vegetable oil and can be burned in diesel cars and in home oil burners (Baltimore Monthly Meeting of Friends, Story Run, 5116 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21210). I would add that photovoltaic, passive solar, wind turbines and some others renewable fuels can be used to replace fuel. These are some alternatives for petroleum fuel which people can use it to reduce the usage of petroleum. However, most of those alternatives are little-known ones, only a little people know about it, then how can they use it There should be some propaganda campaigns that help the people know about the situation of the petroleum supplement then show them the advantages of using the alternati ves for oil, this could help people reduce using petroleum as their most important power source. Last but not least, a very effective way to reduce the use of petroleum in people and teen is some programs that the government should set up such as â€Å"weekend without oil†. This is a program which was set up by dosomething.org, an organization help young people to tackle against some impact from their own behaviors and habits. These programs should aim to helps people to recognize the ways that their daily routines help increase the oil consumption and provide the people how to avoid it (C. Tackett, 2010). This is not only help to reduce the use of oil but also make the people to be more active with some outdoor activities such as walk or ride a bike,†¦ Although all these solutions are very effective, but it’s also have some disadvantages. There’s one most optimal solution that I have given, and it is:† people should use alternatives fuel†. This is the most effective way to restrict the usage of petroleum; it’s also the best way to improve the quality of our environment which is being severely damage by the over-using of petroleum. In this solution, people can reduce their petroleum usage by using others kind of power source such as solar energy, power of the wind, biofuel, biodiesel†¦ and especially fuel for driving vehicles. As most of the amount of petroleum is used as the fuel to run the vehicles, changing the fuel of the vehicles is the best ways to reduce the petroleum usage, which biodiesel and solar energy can be the best one. Using these alternative can help reduce the reliance on petroleum of most of the country in the world. Plus, some alternatives are renewable resources while petroleum is non-renewable resources, which mean we can use as much as we can without worry about the exhaustion of those resources. Furthermore, those alternatives’s bad effects are extremely small while petroleum can cause huge damage for our environment, every year; using and exploiting petroleum emit 381.740.601lbs of toxic air pollution, 3.3 trillion lbs of CO2 (J.Sandry,2013). Using alternatives for petroleum is very useful and it’s also the easiest way to reduce our reliance on petroleum so that we can solve the petroleum-exhaustion problem, and even the environment problems. Biofuels is an example, these are result from the photosynthesis of plants which convert solar energy into chemical energy, its green and renewable though their slightly less energy than oil and gasoline but much cleaner (ecoreps). Some researches shown that using solar energy instead of petroleum in 25 years can help reduce 199.679lbs of CO2, 2316 trees can be planted with the surplus and help the drivers saving 208.166 miles driven (RGS energy,2014). This way is not being limited in any country but for every country in the world, everyone can use these replacements, it’s even cheaper than the cost of the petroleum, then why shouldn’t people use these alternatives, for both themselves and the world. However, the only downfall of this solution is that it can’t be spread through some dev eloping countries, people should find some way to widespread these alternatives to developing countries to help them. In order to reduce petroleum usage and saving our environment, replace petroleum in most of aspect in our lives is the best way to achieve our goal. In conclusion, supply exhaustion in petroleum is a significant problem in every phase of petroleum industry, but this is a most severe time when the surplus between supply and demand is at the highest ever. Industries, power, products, etc†¦ now have to rely too much on petroleum and its waste which is the most fundamental reason for this problem. This reliance does not damage the petroleum industry with the depletion of supply but also damage the economics with the raise of the cost of petroleum. However, the most significant effect is the damage our environment with the use and the waste of petroleum. In that consequence, people have to reduce their use of petroleum to save them from the reliance on petroleum. The best way to reduce the use is using alternatives, solar energy; wind energy; biofuels†¦ are very effective alternatives that people should consider to use them instead of using too much petroleum. This is not only to save the petroleum industry but also our envi ronment. Everyone should join hand to solve this problem.

Hrothgar spake, helmet-of-Scyldings :: Poetry Poems Essays

Hrothgar spake, helmet-of-Scyldings: "Ask not of pleasure! Pain is renewed to Danish folk. Dead is Aeschere, of Yrmenlaf the elder brother, my sage adviser and stay in council, shoulder-comrade in stress of fight when warriors clashed and we warded our heads, hewed the helm-boars; hero famed should be every earl as Aeschere was! But here in Heorot a hand hath slain him of wandering death-sprite. I wot not whither,[1] proud of the prey, her path she took, fain of her fill. The feud she avenged that yesternight, unyieldingly, Grendel in grimmest grasp thou killedst, -- seeing how long these liegemen mine he ruined and ravaged. Reft of life, in arms he fell. Now another comes, keen and cruel, her kin to avenge, faring far in feud of blood: so that many a thane shall think, who e'er sorrows in soul for that sharer of rings, this is hardest of heart-bales. The hand lies low that once was willing each wish to please. Land-dwellers here[2] and liegemen mine, who house by those parts, I have heard relate that such a pair they have sometimes seen, march-stalkers mighty the moorland haunting, wandering spirits: one of them seemed, so far as my folk could fairly judge, of womankind; and one, accursed, in man's guise trod the misery-track of exile, though huger than human bulk. Grendel in days long gone they named him, folk of the land; his father they knew not, nor any brood that was born to him of treacherous spirits. Untrod is their home; by wolf-cliffs haunt they and windy headlands, fenways fearful, where flows the stream from mountains gliding to gloom of the rocks, underground flood. Not far is it hence in measure of miles that the mere expands, and o'er it the frost-bound forest hanging, sturdily rooted, shadows the wave. By night is a wonder weird to see, fire on the waters. So wise lived none of the sons of men, to search those depths! Nay, though the heath-rover, harried by dogs, the horn-proud hart, this holt should seek, long distance driven, his dear life first on the brink he yields ere he brave the plunge to hide his head: 'tis no happy place! Thence the welter of waters washes up wan to welkin when winds bestir evil storms, and air grows dusk, and the heavens weep. Now is help once more with thee alone! The land thou knowst not, place of fear, where thou findest out that sin-flecked being. Seek if thou dare! I will reward thee, for waging this fight, with ancient treasure, as erst I did, with winding gold, if thou winnest back." [1] He surmises presently where she is. [2] The connection is not difficult. The words of mourning, of acute grief, are said; and according to Germanic sequence of thought, inexorable here, the